05/23/10
From AP
Rifle Shopping Advice From the Experts
US rifles not suited to warfare in Afghan hills
By SLOBODAN LEKIC (AP) – 2 days ago
KABUL, Afghanistan — The U.S. military's workhorse rifle — used in battle for
the last 40 years — is proving less effective in Afghanistan against the
Taliban's more primitive but longer range weapons.
As a result, the U.S. is reevaluating the performance of its standard M-4 rifle
and considering a switch to weapons that fire a larger round largely discarded
in the 1960s.
The M-4 is an updated version of the M-16, which was designed for close quarters
combat in Vietnam. It worked well in Iraq, where much of the fighting was in
cities such as Baghdad, Ramadi and Fallujah.
top to bottom: M-16a1, M-16a2, M-4, M-16a4
But a U.S. Army study found that the 5.56 mm (.223 caliber) bullets fired from
M-4s don't retain enough velocity at distances greater than 1,000 feet (300
meters) to kill an adversary. In hilly regions of Afghanistan, NATO and
insurgent forces are often 2,000 to 2,500 feet (600-800 meters) apart.
Afghans have a tradition of long-range ambushes against foreign forces. During
the 1832-1842 British-Afghan war, the British found that their Brown Bess
muskets could not reach insurgent sharpshooters firing higher-caliber Jezzail
flintlocks.
Soviet soldiers in the 1980s found that their AK-47 rifles could not match the
World War II-era bolt-action Lee-Enfield and Mauser rifles used by mujahedeen
rebels.
"These are important considerations in Afghanistan, where NATO forces are
frequently attacked by insurgents using ... sharpshooter's rifles, which are all
chambered for a full-powered cartridge which dates back to the 1890s," said Paul
Cornish, curator of firearms at the Imperial War Museum in London.
The heavier bullets enable Taliban militants to shoot at U.S. and NATO soldiers
from positions well beyond the effective range of the coalition's rifles.
To counter these tactics, the U.S. military is designating nine soldiers in each
infantry company to serve as sharpshooters, according to Maj. Thomas Ehrhart,
who wrote the Army study. They are equipped with the new M-110 sniper rifle,
which fires a larger 7.62 mm (.30 caliber) round and is accurate to at least
2,500 feet (800 meters).
New M-110 7.62 mm (.30 caliber) long range sniper rifle
New M-110 7.62 mm (.30 caliber) long range sniper rifle
At the heart of the debate is whether a soldier is better off with the
more-rapid firepower of the 5.56mm bullets or with the longer range of the 7.62
mm bullets.
"The reason we employ the M-4 is because it's a close-in weapon, since we
anticipate house-to-house fighting in many situations," said Lt. Col. Denis J.
Riel, a NATO spokesman.
He added that each squad also has light machine guns and automatic grenade
launchers for the long-range engagements common in Afghanistan.
In the early years of the Vietnam War, the Army's standard rifle was the M-14,
which fired a 7.62 mm bullet. The gun had too much recoil to be controllable
during automatic firing and was considered too unwieldily for close-quarter
jungle warfare. The M-16 replaced it in the mid-1960s.
Lighter bullets also meant soldiers could carry more ammunition on lengthy
jungle patrols.
The M-16 started a general trend toward smaller cartridges. Other weapons such
as the French FAMAS and the British L85A1 adopted them, and the round became
standardized as the "5.56mm NATO."
The Soviet Union, whose AK-47 already used a shorter 7.62 mm bullet that was
less powerful but more controllable, created a smaller 5.45mm round for its
replacement AK-74s.
"The 5.56 mm caliber is more lethal since it can put more rounds on target,"
said Col. Douglas Tamilio, program manager for U.S. Army firearms at the
Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey. "But at 500-600 meters (1,600-2,000 feet), the
round doesn't have stopping power, since the weapon system was never designed
for that."
The arsenal, which is the Army's center for small-arms development, is trying to
find a solution.
A possible compromise would be an interim-caliber round combining the best
characteristics of the 5.56mm and 7.62mm cartridges, Tamilio said.
The challenge is compounded by the fact that in flat areas of Afghanistan, most
firefights take place at shorter ranges of up to 1,000 feet (300 meters), where
the M-4 performs well.
U.S. soldiers in militant-infested Zhari district in southern Afghanistan's
Kandahar province said they haven't experienced problems with the range of their
M-4 rifles.
Lt. Scott Doyle, a platoon commander in Zhari, said his troops are usually
facing Taliban AK-47s.
Kalashnikov's masterpiece: the 7.62 mm (.30 caliber) AK-47, cheap, durable,
reliable, everywhere.
"When the Taliban get past 300 meters (1,000 feet) with an AK-47, they are just
spraying and praying," he said.
Martin Fackler, a ballistics expert, also defended the 5.56 mm round, blaming
the M-4s inadequate performance on its short barrel, which makes it easier for
soldiers to scramble out of modern armored vehicles.
"Unfortunately weapon engineers shortened the M-16's barrel to irrational
lengths," Fackler said. "It was meant for a 20-inch barrel. What they've done by
cutting the barrel to 14.5 inches is that they've lost a lot of velocity."
Associated Press correspondent Sebastian Abbot in Lako Khel, Afghanistan
contributed to this report.
* * * * *
I still think I'd rather get a 20 mm Lahti rifle.
It fires the same shell as the Vulcan gatling gun on the USAF F-15 and F-16, a very dependable round.
Difficult to find a range that will let you practice fire it though.